[935]
TE REO O AOTEAROA
WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED
TE TOA TAKITINI
Registered at the GPO as a Newspaper.
Number 91.
Hastings, March 1929.
LENT
We are in the days of Lent when the Church
asks us to fast. These days continue up to the seventeenth day of the month of
March. Sometimes they continue into April. The forty days before the
seventeenth day are the days of Lent. These are fasting days, days for
penitence. The Church prescribes the observance of these days as a time to
enter into the sorrows and sufferings of Christ. It is for each person to
determine how much he complies with this command. The Church does not have a
rule about this. Some people are very lax about this and only give up something
that they really like. Others really fast during this time. Although a person
may not struggle with this time, the important thing is to have a contrite spirit
and to suppress the flesh and its desires. Since we dwell with Christ in his
Kingdom it is right that we should share in his sufferings, you and I together.
This has been an old teaching of the Church
going back 1,400 years. Irenaeus spoke of the difficulty of observing Easter,
‘But it is not only Day of Resurrection that presents problems: it is also the
question of fasting. Some say one should fast for one day, others for two,
others for three, and so on.’ Socrates said: ‘The Romans fasted for three weeks
before the Day of Resurrection, except for the Sabbath and the Lord’s Day.’The
Greeks and the people of Alexandria fasted for fifteen days in the course of
six weeks. Origen wrote of fasting during the forty days before Easter. Gregory
the Great decreed that the Church observe the days of Lent, six hundred years
after Christ.
Published by the Rev P
Hakiwai and P H Tomoana and printed at Cliff Press, Queen Street, Hastings, HB.
[936]
Te Reo o Aotearoa
With which is incorporated Te Toa Takitini.
The Price of the Paper is 10/- a year.
Address letters to ‘Te Reo o Aotearoa,’ Box
300, Hastings.
Fasting is a treasure for the Christian.
For the believer it is something to be valued. It is the weapon with which
Christ defeated the Devil in the desert. Christ gave important teaching about
fasting. ‘Do not look dismal, but wash your face, and your Father who sees in
secret will reward you.’ [Matthew 6.16-19] This can only be done by prayer and fasting. [Mark
9.29] This was the Apostles’ weapon whereby they manifested the power of God.
It is also the way whereby we receive the power of God. It is also this that
enables us to face the many challenges of the world. As we learn we find that our
desire for food is not overwhelming. It is also clear that if a person is fat then
the muscles and the heart are lazy, as is the spirit, which sleeps. The true
believer finds the way unencumbered. Therefore, during Lent, suppress the
desires of the flesh so that the spirit can be alert.
Remember Christ and his sufferings which
were for me and for you.
AN INVITATION
Bishop Eru Tumutara of the Ringatu Church
has invited the Bishop of Aotearoa to the Hui at Te Poroporo, Whakatane. He
said: ‘Welcome, my son. Come to the stone of the grandchild of Ngatoroirangi.
Come on your canoes, Matatua and Te Arawa. Our ancestors brought Christ to
Maketu in 1814. For one hundred and fifteen years they longed for their own
bishop; now they have you. Welcome, Bishop of Aotearoa. You are the Bishop. I
am nothing. I was put in place by Apirana. But it is the Missionary Church that
has the tradition. Mine came after that. Potuatini or Tunuioteika said, ‘Whose is
the tradition?’ When the Gospel of Jesus Christ came to us Maori it came from
the Missionary tradition. The Ringatu was established by Te Kooti to deflect
the bullets when he was being hunted by the Pakeha. Therefore, come, my nephew,
welcome to your Church.’
[937]
THE DESCENDANT OF McLEAN
On 7th February, Sir Douglas
McLean died at his home in Napier. He was 77 when he died. He was the son of
the McLean [Donald] from past times. He was a wealthy man, and kind-hearted. He
was a lawyer but gave that up to become a farmer. He was an expert at raising
various fine breeds of sheep, cattle and
horses. He owned the famous station called Maraekakaho.
His Will. He left £750,00. Some
of his bequests were: £500 to the Hawkes Bay Agricultural Society; £1000 to
Napier Hospital; £1000 to Waipukurau Hospital;
£100 to the orphans; £100 to the Scottish
Society; £1000 for the Pension Fund for the Clergy of the Diocese of Waiapu; £1000
for the Pension Fund for the Clergy of the Scottish Church; £3500 for the
McLean Scholarship.
He left a large amount for annual payments
to his friends and those who had worked for him for more than forty years. He
also remembered the children of his workers who had been born on the Station.
The remainder of his money and possessions he left to his two daughters and
their mother. One of the daughters is married to an Admiral from England. Douglas’s
son was a captain who died two years ago. It is known that he gave £50,000 to
the recent Great War campaign.
He instituted the Scholarship for Maori
children in memory of his father, Donald McLean. For his many works he was
honoured with an OBE and the KCMG.
There were many expressions of sadness for
this elder who thought highly of the Maori People. Farewell, Sir! – Editor.
ODDS AND ENDS
It has been confirmed that King George is recovering
well from his illness.
We have learned of the death of Sir Charles
Skerrett, KCMG, KC, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He died on board a ship
near America on 13th of this month.
Bob Tutaki, Inspector of Shearing, reports
that the largest number of sheep shorn in a day in his area was 356. They were
shorn by Turei Tuhi on Te Rerekopae Station. What about the vague reports from
Dannevirke that Hapi has shorn 410?
[938]
THE TE AUTE COLLEGE STUDENTS’ ASSOCIATION.
In October last year (1928) a branch of
this Association was set up in Auckland. Chairman: Archdeacon H A Hawkins,
Deputy Chairman: Stubbing, Branch Secretary: A E Prebble.
This is a revival of the Association of the
Students of Te Aute College. The hope is that the young men who have finished
their schooling at Te Aute will endeavour to set up branches wherever they live
throughout the country. The Head Teacher, Mr E G Loten, has agreed that the
Secretary of the Auckland Branch, A E Prebble, should be Secretary of the whole
Association for the present. When a combined meeting is held then the officers of
the Association can be elected. The Head Office which will direct all the
business of the Association will still be at Te Aute College.
When the meeting of the Auckland Branch was
held the following motion was passed.
‘The
Secretary is to send to Te Reo of Aotearoa a notice informing the Old
Boys
of Te Aute that a Branch of the Association has been set up in Auckland, and
asking that any who are free to come to Auckland tell the Secretary so that
they can be welcomed as older and younger brothers.’
All who have been educated at Te Aute are
asked to send the Secretary their names, their addresses, their occupations, if
possible, and the years they attended. The hope is that a magazine can be
established to spread abroad information about those who were educated there
and those who are being educated there. It is right that you are aware that
this Association is only for boys who were educated at Te Aute.
This Association will flourish and grow if
there is strong support from those educated at Te Aute.
Send what you know to the Secretary, Te
Aute Old Boys’ Association, 4 St Stephens Avenue, Parnell, Auckland.
[939]
UNVEILING OF A MEMORIAL
On 31st
January the Memorial Stone to Meihana Pouawha of Te Poroporo, Whakatane. He was
one of the leading chiefs of Matatua Canoe. He was 65 when he died. For his
extensive work and for his help to the Empire it fell to the Government to
erect this memorial. The Rt Hon J G Coates, Leader of the Opposition, unveiled
the Memorial. He was attended by the Bishop of Aotearoa, Bishop Tumutara, Ringatu,
Sir Apirana Ngata, and Chief Justice Jones. Pouawha’s stone is made of white
marble from Italy and is very beautiful. The greatness and every aspect of
Pouawha during his life is described on the stone.
Nearly 1500
attended this hui from Kahungunu, Rongowhakaata and Mahaki, Ngati Porou,
Apanui, Whakatohea, Ngaitai, Ngaiterangi, Te Arawa, Maniapoto, Waikato, and
Tuwharetoa, besides the local people, Ngatiawa and Tuhoe.
The Formal
Welcome to Mr Coates.
We tell below of
the chiefs who welcomed the Hon Mr Coates and the important parts of their
speeches.
Rakuraku
(Matatua: ‘Welcome, Mr Coates, the man who loves the Maori People and who
tended the wounds of Matatua.’
Mita
Taupopoki (Te Arawa): ‘Hello, Mr Coates! Hello, Maui! You hauled the country
up. But I am not sorry at the defeat of your Government. What I regret is the
lack of loyalty. Now the it is the people who weighed you down who,
since then, have been cutting up the whale.’
Akonga
Mohi (Kahungunu): ‘My forebears, in times past, dreamt that the wrongs done to
the Maori People would be set right. You personally brought this about. While
you were minister, Apirana was your colleague and friend. Now that there has
been a reversal of positions do help and support him.’
Taiaho
(Ngaiterangi): ‘For seventy years now
the land confiscations have been coiled up in the thoughts of the Maori People.
Now at this time you have brought them to life.’
Kopu
Erueti (Apanui): For me you are still the Prime Minister. You opened up the darkened
world. At last the deep-blue can be seen.me. One immense benefit it will be
impossible to repay. You brought the light to Tuwharetoa.’
Henare
Ruru (Rongowhakaata Mahaki): ‘It was you who restored Patutahi and Mangatu to
me. Although we are apprehensive
[940]
at
the fall of your government, you will not forget to speak to the new government
urging them to be good and kind to your Maori People.’
Along
with this there were also greetings from Chief Justice Jones, Raumoa Balneavis
and the Bishop of Aotearoa
The
Hon J G Coates: ‘I salute the local people together with Sir Apirana Ngata for
giving me the honour of unveiling this memorial. It is as if Pouawha were
standing peacefully there as I look at that memorial. Were he alive his heart
would be throbbing at the distress caused to his Maori People. He was not involved
in the events that led to the confiscation of Maori lands. Rather, he was loyal
subject of the King. Had it been a Pakeha whose land was wrongly taken there
would have been war, or loathsome things would have been done. Pouawha was stouthearted and hopeful and
trusted in the Treaty of Waitangi to set right the wrongs.
I
am advising you that we should trust Sir Apirana Ngata. He will be able to
unravel the tangles relating to Maori lands. He will also seek the well-being
of Pakeha and Maori.
There
are three canoes that carry the work of the Dominion. There is Ngata with
others out in front, and there is ours, with me as captain, close behind, and
another. We have the same vision, and my officials make up the crew. Although there
is little difference between our canoe and others, I tell you truly that we shall
not let the business of parliament prevent us from helping to grow and benefit
the Maori People of New Zealand.
Sir
Apirana and I agree. The confiscations must be dealt with first. That being
done we must turn to today’s problems. The important thing is to help the young
Maori so that they are able to grow together with the Pakeha folk.’
Sir
Apirana Ngata: ‘It is right that the
Maori should be very grateful to the Hon Mr Coates. This man has committed
himself to working for the Maori People. He has cleared the way and borne the
heavy burden; now it is for me to carry them to the conclusion. Although we may be gratified that our party is
now in government, I am sad at the cutting short of his time working for the
Maori People. He has dealt with the Rotorua lakes, Taupo, Aorangi, Patutahi and
Puketitiri. He has dealt with lands wrongly confiscated. He has consolidated
titles and simplified the rates. He has set right surveys that were wrong. He
has loosened the strings of the government purse to enable Maori to become
farmers
[941]
and
to enter the country’s universities. He has supported the ethnological group
looking into Maori origins and the School for Native Arts and Crafts which
seeks to hold onto Maoriness in these days of Pakeha culture.
As
for the Confiscations, this is a huge matter. What we need to to bring this
about is a spirit of accommodation and calm. We must leave behind our attitude
of superiority. The Pakeha are as eager as we are to soothe things. We are
dealing not only with confiscated land but also with land which the Government
says has been bought but which Maori say was wrongly taken. The thing that is
extremely difficult is battering the government to loosen the ties of past
decisions. There has been a long period of peace when it has been good to look
at the doings of the past, whazt waw right and what was wrong.
The
difficulty is the huge amount of money that would be appropriate as reparations
for the confiscations. The Commission decided on £5000 for the Taihauauru and
for Waikato, £3500; for the Bay of Plenty nothing except for Opotiki. But it is
right to give consideration to these areas. It lies with me to express the
Government thinking. I have to address the special committee. Hauhauism did not
begin here. Rather, it began in Taranaki and other parts. It would seem that what
is right for Taranaki and Waikato is also right for us here.
It
is right that the Pakeha are clear on this matter. Maori are not asking for
their farms to be returned. What they want, rather, is an investigation of the contentious
matters coiled up in Maori breasts. If the Government is wrong they should pay.
They could pay from the money of the two peoples kept in the Consolidated Fund.
But you, the Pakeha of Whakatane, have £500,000 in that fund. You have buried
it in the swamp at Rangitaiki. Therefore, I ask the Government to address the
afflictions of the Maori People. If these are cleared up then the Maori will be
able to go forward.
The
Maori have some young people who are capable of farming. They also need land.
Likewise if Maori are given the same land titles as the Pakeha they will have
strong rights and they will be able to pay rates.
OPENING
OF A CHURCH
On
10th February the Church at Tangoio in the Parish of Moteo,
Heretaunga, was opened.This was an important occasion in Heretaunga. Two Bishops officiated, the Bishop of Waiapu
and the Bishop of Aotearoa. After dinner the collection plate was put in place.
The fund stood at £870. The hope was that a further £400 would be contributed
to pay off the church. £209 is needed to erect the tower later. Heretaunga have
given £111 and have exhausted their resources. The debt on the building itself
has not yet been paid.
[942]
It
was thought that other parts of the Bishopric would help with this. [? Tena ko
tenei koreha’.] But that is alright. Perhaps we are saying that we should leave
off acting together for our churches. People who are [? pau puku] think
only of themselves, and later perhaps of Te Aute. Remember that while Te Aute
comes first, others come second, and you come third. Does this saying encompass
it? [Mahi atu, mahi ake. - ? Work
done for others is work performed quickly and with ease.] We know that this is
something that will benefit people in times to come. If you’ve simply forgotten,
then send in your contribution.
When
they were united the people of Tangoio gave £800 for their church. Ratanaism
came and upset everything. Of more than eighty people only five remain faithful
to the Church. A tug-o-war started over their money. Those five people called
on their grandchildren to build the church lest the money be squandered. It was
also thought that those places which had not been split apart by the activities
of Ratana such as Turanga, Waiapu, Rotorua and Matatua would respond to a request
for help. In the event, the building has not been paid for. And it has not been
consecrated. It was simply opened by the Bishops.
It
is right that these difficulties be remembered by the remaining Christians
under the Bishopric of Aotearoa.
Peni
Hakiwai,
Minister
of the Parish.
TE
AUTE COLLEGE
On
Thursday, 13th Dccember, the pupils of Te Aute and the friends of
the school gathered in the School Hall.
The
Chairman of the Hui was Dr Wi Repa. The Bishop of Aotearoa presented the prizes
to the pupils. These men praised and gave words of guidance to these growing
young people. The Bishop congratulated Sir Apirana Ngata on his appointment as
a Government Minister.
The
following is a a list of the classes and the recipients of the prizes.
Prize
List
Te
Aute College, 1928.
Dux
of School John
Bennett
Proxime
Accessit Edwin Paku
Form
VI
1st
Prize John
Bennett
2nd
Prize Edwin
Paku
3rd
Prize Hirone
Wickliffe
[943]
[A
photograph of the new College buildings.]
TE AUTE COLLEGE
Principal: E G Loten, Degree (Agriculture)
ACT
This is the new college building, built to
the new and beautiful designs of our day.
On 16th February, 1926, it was
opened by Lord Jellicoe, Archbishop Julius, and Ta Whekihana. Three principle
matters are taught: (1) Matriculation, (2) Agriculture, (3) Commercial Studies.
Fees: £39
15s a year.
[944]
Special
Prizes
Geometry Pohokura Turei
History Hirone Wickliffe
English John Bennett
Form V
1st
Prize Abraham
Waaka
2nd
Prize Ruhi
Pene
3rd
Prize Norman
Prebble
Special
Prizes
Mathematics Ruhi Pene
Geography Joe Tuhiwai
Agriculture Abraham Waaka
Form IV
1st
Prize Walter
Corbett
2nd
Prize Tuahau
Wickliffe
3rd
Prize Takirau
Pene
Special
Prizes
English Tuahau Wickliffe
Science Tuahau
Wickliffe
N
Z History Wiremu
Hanita
Form III
1st
Prize Paul
Rangiwaia
2nd
Prize Tutu
Wi Repa
3rd
Prize Haere
Parata
Special
Prizes
English Tutu Wi Repa
Mathematics Paul Rangiwaia
History Henry Bird
Drawing Haere Parata
Science Tutu Wi Repa
Geography Paul Rangiwaia
Agricultural Form
Section
A
1st
Prize John
Greening
2nd
Prize Opera
Piper
Section
B
1st
Prize Pera
Te Ngaio
2nd
Prize Mokena
Kohere
3rd
Prize Stephen
Ngata
Section
C
1st
Prize Taylor
Toatoa
2nd
Prize Iwa
Soloman
3rd
Prize Henry
Morete
[945]
Six Specials
Divinity Prizes
Form
VI Bishop’s Prize John Bennett
Form
V Chaplain’s Prize Abraham Waaka
Form
IV Williams Memorial Charles Bennett
Agri.Form
A Chaplain’s Prize John Greening
Agri.Form
C Chaplain’s Prize Taylor Toatoa
Form
III Williams Memorial Haere Parata
TYPHOID
FEVER
T
Wi Repa MB, ChB
·
This
word ‘fever’ is used by the experts of diseases where a person has a high
temperature. The word ‘typhoid’ which is linked with it is a pakeha word. It is
not the same as the word some of us use for a ‘ghost,’ a ‘Taipo.’ [See Williams
– taipo.]
This
is a fever common amongst Maori over the past fifty years. I am not sure
whether they suffered this illness before the arrival of the Pakeha. In the
first year of St John’s School in Auckland, around 1850, the pupils contracted
this fever. One of the children, the son of Williams the Brother, the first
Bishop of Waiapu, caught the illness and died of it.
In
1019, 177 people contracted the fever; in 1920, 389; in 1921, 451; in 1922,
539; and in 1923, 276. I think that of the 2132 people who caught the fever
between 1919 and 1923, perhaps 2000 were Maori.
This
is one of the illnesses that must under the law be notified to the Department
of Health. It is an infectious disease. It is a preventable disease so that
people need not catch it.
This
disease occurs in countries with a temperate climate such as New Zealand,
America, England, South Africa and [?Mia]. Wherever in the world it
occurs it has the same symptoms. But I must point out that we know little about
the ways of this illness. Although there is a large outbreak of the disease
there is also much ignorance of it in the Health Department. We are
well-informed as to how one promotes health, namely, if we have clean homes the
disease disappears. The cause of the illness is a germ. It is one of the
well-known germs and is called ‘bacillus typhosus.’ What encourages the
breeding of the germs is the fouling of rivers with the effluent from the
village, or a lack of sewerage
[946]
Secondly,
the germ can get into the drinking water of the village or town. But it is
effluent that really encourages it; that, together with people living closely together
and not allowing fresh air into the living space and the bedrooms. Sometimes
the germ clings to the hands of those who are caring for the sick person. If
those hands are not washed with disinfectant the germs can reach the mouth and
be swallowed so that those people too become ill. It can also happen that some
of the germs settle on food. If it is eaten the person catches the disease. It
is the case that flies also carry large numbers of the germs of thia disease.
If people evacuate their bowels outside when they have already caught the
disease, the fly will settle on their excrement. The seeds of the illness will
stick to that fly. The fly will will go and land on someone’s food. The seeds
will transfer to that food. If the person eats it they will contract the
disease. You must be aware of this: a person’s excrement is what facilitates
the growth of the germ of this illness.
It
is not only our country that is suffering from this disease. In all parts of
the world one finds people living with filth – in their homes, in their
drinking water, their milk, their house, and their village. It is not the Taipo,
that is, the ‘ghost’ that gives people this illness. Perhaps we should say that
the great ‘ghost’ is ‘filth.’
In
1903, 3347 people died of it in England and Wales. In 1900, 35,379 peo0ple in
America died of this illness. In the conflicts before the recent Great War,
more people died from this disease that were killed by bullets. In the war between America and Spain, 20,738
American soldiers died of this affliction out of a total of 107,973. During the
fighting with the Boers, 7991 English soldiers died of the disease and 7582 werw
killed by bullets. The reason why the number of these afflictions was so great
during these wars was that people, even the doctors, were ignorant of ways of
preventing the illness.
In
the fighting between Japan and Russia it was seen that the doctors were aware
of various means of combatting the disease. In the battalion of General Oku
(Japanese), only 133 got the fever.
By
the time of the recent Great World War there were great advances by the doctors
in all areas. Among the millions who took part in the war very few contracted
the fever. It was a disease which was widespread throughout the world. It
prevailed when people were ignorant. With the spread of knowledge the disease
was suppressed and its teeth were broken.
[947]
In
some countries it is most severe in the summer, in others it is autumn. Here on
the Tai Rawhiti it is worst in winter.
From
the age of fifteen up to thirty is when people are most susceptible to the
fever. There are reasons why people of this age are susceptible. A few children
from one to fifteen get it. The elderly from 40 to 60 also get it. But we must
be aware that young people from fifteen to thirty are particularly susceptible.
The
Parts Affected by the Disease.
The
place in which the disease manifests itself most strongly is in the small
intestine. At a time when a the intestine is not infected, if it is cut into one
sees growing there things like small limpets. They vigorously spread to the
remaining part of the intestines. They are soft to the touch, but they become harder
in some parts of the intestines. Those things start at one end of the small
intestine and eventually reach the join with the large intestine. The name give
to those things by the specialists is ‘Pegers’ Patches.’ Peger was the first
man to point out these things to the medical world. These ‘patches’ are similar
to ‘lymphoid tissues’ such as ‘tonsils.’
The
‘Peger’s Patches’ are the seed-bed for the germs of the illness, typhoid fever.
They land there and gather together. Secondly, they gradually decay. Thirdly, they
settle on living flesh which bleeds. Fourthly, it destroys that place. That is
why the stomach of a person with typhoid fever swells up. The intestines are
infected with the disease, The person becomes weak and is unable to do what he
should, namely, expel foul air and excrement. The wind stays inside; the
stomach is bloated. In time the ’Peger’s Patches’ are strongly abraded and the
patient has diarrhoea. The skin is hot, he has a headache and a burning
sensation in the constipated bowels. This provides the doctors with the basis
of their treatment of those with typhoid fever – knowing that it is a disease
of the intestines and that there is much abrasion there. If it isn’t treated
then the untreated intestines will burst and the patient will die. The doctors
are not playing when they say do not give the patient solid foods such as meat,
kumara, potatoes, puha, or bread. Nor are they thinking to kill the patient by
stealth. When the doctor comes upon a person suffering from typhoid fever he
will think: ‘There is irritation of the bowels. Solid foods are not to be given.
If solid food is given the bowels will burst and the patient will die. The
patient is not to be given strong laxatives lest the bowels are damaged and
burst.’ So you can see how wrong it is of Maori to give the person with typhoid
fever a strong laxative such as flax water right to the end. Out teaching is
not to give the patient castor oil or epsom salts or other
[948]
strong
laxatives. So why do some people give a person suffering from typhoid fever
flax water? The people suffering from typhoid fever I have attended and who
have died are those whose families have given them flax water and solid foods
behind my back.
It
is not the case that all the intestines suffer abrading. And it can be known
which parts have abrasions and which do not. And the decreasing severity of the
disease can be known from the abrasions and the ruptures of the bowels.
Therefore, the caring proceeds with caution lest in the end there is the feared
outcome. Sometimes the patient fed with food does not die. We have to make our
own judgements. If the severity of the illness is lessened, then our decisions
will not be condemned. It is the severity of the illness that leads to death.
The
Symptoms of Typhoid Fever
There
are many symptoms of this illness. These are the ones I will write about here.
First:
a hot skin [a high temperature]. If the skin is hot for three days, be
observant; after four or five days, go to the doctor or the nurse. If the
temperature is high for a week, the patient has typhoid fever. Second: a
headache. It will not stop in one, two, three, four, or even five days. After a
week that headache should begin to disappear. Third: nose-bleeding in the first
week. Fourth: a swollen tongue. It will be white on top for three days. After
four days the tongue will look dirty. Fifth: diarrhoea. But the important thing
is that temperature. If it continues, then show it to the doctor or nurse. The
original name for this illness was ‘Continuing Fever.’ It can last for three to
six weeks. Therefore, a person should make this his rule: take the temperature
of the sick – remember this. If the temperature stays high for two days, go to
the nurse. There is no charge for going to the nurse or calling her. Even if it
proves not to be typhoid fever there is nothing wrong with being cautious.
Don’t play around with this illness. So, if you are feeling ill, don’t go to
work. That is the extraordinary thing about this illness. Don’t let anyone
boast that he is very strong and will be strengthened by some deep breathing.
This will only strengthen this illness. The more vigorous the breathing, the
worse the disease. Those who breathe vigorously at the beginning of the disease
are likely to be killed by it. This is a firmly established law of typhoid
fever.
The
Serious Symptoms
1.
Swelling
of the stomach.
2.
Delirium.
[949]
3.
The
skin temperature climbs to 104⁰F for more than three days.
4.
Blood
is excreted from the anus. The blood will be black as charcoal.
5.
Inability
to sleep at night or by day.
6.
Diarrhoea.
More than six movements a day.
Care
and Medication for those with Typhoid Fever.
This
is one of the diseases that can be stopped - an illness called by the experts
‘a preventable disease.’ It is not right that people die from preventable
diseases. If a person in a pa contracts one of these diseases and there have
been no efforts to prevent it, if the person dies of the ‘preventable disease’
it is right to be sad because the fault lies with those who could have
prevented it. The first thing we must have in mind is preventing the disease.
I
have been a doctor for twenty years. During those years I have treated over 200
people with this disease. Of these, three have died under my sole care. I wrote
down how they were cared for and what I wrote stayed in my mind during the
years I was caring for these 200 patients. So it is right that you should take
the advice of a doctor who has been treating this disease for so long.
First
Matter: Hedge in the
disease so that it cannot spread. If someone in the family or the pa catches
the disease it will remain infectious for at least three weeks, perhaps
even for six weeks. This is a long-lasting disease. So our task is to confine
it to that person and to fence off the remainder of the family or the pa lest
they get it too. This requires some skill. If the house has only one room then
put up a tent for the patient some distance away. Make sure the tent is firmly
set up so that it will not rip or be blown over by the wind. If the house has
four rooms, then set aside one room for the patient alone. One or two member of
the family should be designated as carers. The little ones in the family should
not be allowed in that room.
Food
Vessels: The patient
should use separate eating utensils – plates, knives, forks, spoons and other
things. When the patient has finished eating or drinking water or milk, what is
left should be put in a container such as a kerosene tin. His dishes and
cutlery should be boiled for ten minutes in water. When they are dry they can
be put on a separate table in his room. The remaining food or water should also
be boiled for ten minutes in the kerosene tin before being thrown out.
[950]
The
patients’s tea-towels and face cloths should be used only by him. The plates
and utensils used by the patient are not to be washed in the same water as is
used by anyone else.
The
Carers: The best situation is for a certificated
nurse to care for someone with typhoid fever. She will have been taught how to
deal with this disease. Therefore, if there is a nurse nearby, call her to come
and care for the patient or give advice. This advice is for those far from
nurses and doctors, that is, those in Maunga Pohatu, Te Whaiti, Ruatahuna,
Maraenui, Omaio, Te Kaha, Raukokore, Whangaparaoa and Potaka. First: Clothes.
Sew a calico gown to cover the carer’s clothes, something like the white
surplice of a minister. The gown is to be put on whenever one enters the
sick-room and taken off on leaving. Second: The hands. A separate basin
should be put aside containing water and disinfectant with which to wash the
hands. If there is no basin, an ordinary kerosene tin will do. Fill it almost
to the top with water, then pour in Jeye’s Fluid. One can say that the probable
amount should be about a tablespoon full. The hands should always be washed after
touching the patient. Do not ignore this instruction. If it is ignored the
germs of the fever may cling to the carer’s hands. Do not touch food or it will
be contaminated. If that food is eaten those germs will enter his body and he
will be infected. However if he has previously had the disease he is not
disqualified from doing this work. Typhoid fever does not afflict a person a
second time. Although his job is to carry urine or excrement, or putting on the
patient’s clothes, he must still wash his hands afterwards. He must have his
own towels. Third: The drinking water and the milk drunk by the rest of
the family should be boiled first to kill germs of the disease. Fourth: The
best procedure is for no other person to go into the patient’s room. If someone
does go in there should be no hongi or kiss. Wash the hands after shaking
hands. Fifth: Those of the people who have not caught Typhoid Fever
should go to the nurse to be injected with the medicine provided by the
Department of Health (Inoculation). But do not go if one of the family members
or someone in the area has the disease. That injection is to ward off the
disease. The nurses are diligent abut this work. But if it is done when Typhoid
Fever is in the vicinity, and a person who has recently been inoculated catches
it, that medicine becomes ‘an enemy,’ and the person is in trouble. So only go
to be injected if any outbreak of the fever is far away. Sixth: Cover
the food of those who are well to prevent flies from getting on it.
[951]
Cover
it with butter-muslin or [?paranoe sic ? brown] paper, or with a
towelling bag, or with clean cloths, so that flies cannot get to the food.
Flies are one of the carriers of the germs of Typhoid Fever. For those things
that they may get at, build a cupboard with perforated tin or wire gauze for
the sides. Anyone who is soon to have the Typhoid Fever injection should not
ignore these instructions.
As
for the Patient.
The
patient should lie in bed and not get up for six weeks. There should be two
people to look after him – one at night and one during the day. Do not leave
the patient lest he do something wrong. He should not get out of bed to excrete
or to urinate. Give him a ‘bedpan’ so that he can excrete and urinate while he
is laid up. For urinating there is a bottle specially designed for this with a
bent neck. If you can, get one of these. Sometimes the patient will be
exasperated, saying that he cannot urinate lying down. Do not be in a hurry to
get him up. If he really cannot urinate lying down, then sit him up carefully
on the side of the bed. But the rule is, do not let him get up.
The
Excrement
Care
about this is the most demanding part of nursing someone with Typhoid Fever. In
the excrement are the germs of this disease. Therefore do not just throw it
onto the marae, or the garden, or the paddocks, or into a stream. Some bury the
excrement. This is wrong. These germs survive for a long time if they are
buried – up to nine months. If the soiled is turned up by the plough the germs
may still be alive. Some may seep into the drinking water of the family or the
pa. If the water is drunk then some may discover the disease developing inside
them. Therefore do not bury it. The right procedure is to boil it in a kerosene
tin for half an hour. Afterwards it can be emptied out wherever you wish; all
the germs will have been killed by the boiling water. Have a separate latrine
for the excrement. Pour Jeye’s Fluid or Lysol or Kerol into the latrine and
cover it lest the flies get in. The hands of the carers are to be washed in
disinfectant in a separate basin every time they have touched the patient. Boil
all the sheets and clothes of the patient.
Washing
the Patient
Wash
the patient in the morning and evening. Arrange times. This is a task for a
skilled person. If there is a Government Nurse nearby she can wash the patient
or
[952]
teach
the carer how to do it. The patient should not be got up but should be left
lying down. Set apart a washbasin for the patient and a piece of flannel for
washing the body. Place a towel under the patient. You will need a dry towel
for drying the body.. Put warm water in the basin. Soap the flannel and wash
the body, then turn it over. Afterwards dry it with the dry towel. Take care
that the water does not get onto the pyjamas or the bedding. When the skin is
dry rub the skin with methylated spirits. After this rub the skin with borasic
powder. The purpose of this is to harden the skin so that it does not flake
off. If the skin of the patient does rub
off it means that there is a serious problem. One can buy the above things in
all the country’s shops. Brush the teeth and wash the mouth and tongue morning
and evening. Buy a brush for the teeth. Cotton wool is good to use for washing
the tongue and the gums as it is soft.
Feeding
the Patient
We
have described above the state of the intrestines. Because this is so it is not
right to feed the patient with solid foods. Therefore the experience of the
past twenty years has taught me that water is the best food. The patient is
lying down for long time. We must
maintain his strength with the appropriate kinds of food and not solid foods.
The right foods are those that do not form much excrement. Those foods are tea,
coffee, cocoa, soup, chicken stock, puha water, rice water and milk. If the
patient doesn’t want milk, there is no rule about this. It is not the most necessary food. Give him
some milk in his tea, coffee or cocoa. If he is given milk, mix it with barley
water or lime juice. If solid milk appears in the faeces, stop giving this
food. If the patient has diarrhoea then stop giving him milk. A good process
that the nurses know about is called ‘pasteurisation’ of the milk. Lemon juice
is a good drink. The patient should drink liquid at least once every two hours.
Give the drink in the ‘Feeding Cup.’ The shop will have this. Although the
patient may be becoming thin and he could die of starvation, these drinks will
keep up his spirits until his temperature goes down. Secretly eating solid
foods could kill him. Three days after the temperature has gone down one may try feeding him with arrowroot boiled
in milk. Some three days after this he may have bread softened in warm milk.
The bread should be well mashed. Soon after this he may have a boiled egg; it
should not be hard-boiled. After this he may have jelly. These foods are
sufficient during the first fourteen days after the temperature has gone down,
that is,
[953]
egg,
boiled rice, bread and milk, and jelly. After the temperature has been down for
fourteen days the patient may try minced meat and potatoes. Don’t turn feeding
solid foods into a battle. Take care with the process of feeding.
(To
be concluded.)
WISE
WORDS
From
Judge James Wilson.
R[eweti]
T K[ohere]
(The
first part of this article appeared in the February edition. This is the
conclusion.)
Judge
James Wilson contends in his book that we Maori are a people who do not give
praise; we do not know about praise; so se do not have a word for praise. [Whakawhetai,
express thanks, is a word introduced from Tahiti. - Williams]
Let
me set down here some words most people are familiar with, a speech found in
Shakespeare which supports Mr Wilson.
Heigh-ho! Sing heigh-ho, unto the
green holly,
Most friendship is feigning, most
loving mere folly.
Then, heigh-ho, the holly!
This life is most jolly.
Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky,
That dost not bite so nigh
As benefits forgot;
Though thou the waters warp,
Thy sting is not so sharp
As friend rememb’red not.
Heigh-ho sing, etc.
So we have a word of Shakespeare for this
edition. He has much to say about ingratitude, about the absence of a praising
heart, as if he himself had been badly bitten by the lacerating teeth of
ingratitude.
In the days of the Hauhau wars in 1865 an
eminent chief supported the Government side. The Hauhau were defeated. The
Hauhau would have been destroyed by a loyal chief were it not for that chief.
This is what he said to the Hauhau: ‘Let each hapu return to light, each one,
their own fires.’ Although these people were Hauhau not one acre of their land
was confiscated by the Government, as was the land of other Hauhau tribes. The
Government tried
[954]
to take the land but that chief prevented
them from doing so. The Government wanted to give a large sum of money to that
chief for the expenses he incurred during the war, but he said, ‘This was my
fight, a Maori fight; it was not for you Pakeha. Take away your money.’ Nor did
that elder stand before the Maori Land Court.
There was no love like his, but it was not
remembered. Not a single acre of the land he liberated was allocated to him. So
be it, the bereft descendants of that elder were distressed by the rulings of
the Maori Land Court. The lands for which their ancestor had strived was taken,
along with three burial grounds and the bones of their ancestors and parents.
Freeze,
freeze, thou bitter sky,
That
dost not bite so nigh
As
benefits forgot;
Though
thou the waters warp
Thy
sting is not so sharp
As
friend rememb’red not.
Explanatory Notes.
(1)
If a
man blows he blows out his cheeks so that eventually they will burst, Similarly
King Lear calls upon the wind to blow so hard that his cheeks will burst.
(2)
The
roosters are not real roosters but wooden ones such as are put on the steeples
of churches. Because of the wild storm, King Lear calls again for the floods to
cover the land, the land that had dealt so badly with him.
Read
carefully these wonderful words of Shakespeared and treasure them. These words
are learned by wise people of every nation in the world.
Do
not touch food or it will be contaminated. If that food is eaten those germs
will enter his body and he will be infected. However if he has previously had
the disease he is not disqualified from doing this work. Typhoid fever does not
afflict a person a second time. Although his job is to carry urine or
excrement, or putting on the patient’s clothes, he must still wash his hands
afterwards. He must have his own towels. Third: The drinking water and
the milk drunk by the rest of the family should be boiled first to kill germs
of the disease. Fourth: The best procedure is for no other person to go
into the patient’s room. If someone does go in there should be no hongi or
kiss. Wash the hands after shaking hands. Fifth: Those of the people who
have not caught Typhoid Fever should go to the nurse to be injected with the
medicine provided by the Department of Health (Inoculation). But do not go if
one of the family members or someone in the area has the disease. That injection
is to ward off the disease. The nurses are diligent abut this work. But if it
is done when Typhoid Fever is in the vicinity, and a person who has recently
been inoculated catches it, that medicine becomes ‘an enemy,’ and the person is
in trouble. So only go to be injected if any outbreak of the fever is far away.
Sixth: Cover the food of those who are well to prevent flies from
getting on it.
[951]
Cover
it with butter-muslin or [?paranoe sic ? brown] paper, or with a
towelling bag, or with clean cloths, so that flies cannot get to the food.
Flies are one of the carriers of the germs of Typhoid Fever. For those things
that they may get at, build a cupboard with perforated tin or wire gauze for
the sides. Anyone who is soon to have the Typhoid Fever injection should not
ignore these instructions.
As
for the Patient.
The
patient should lie in bed and not get up for six weeks. There should be two
people to look after him – one at night and one during the day. Do not leave
the patient lest he do something wrong. He should not get out of bed to excrete
or to urinate. Give him a ‘bedpan’ so that he can excrete and urinate while he
is laid up. For urinating there is a bottle specially designed for this with a
bent neck. If you can, get one of these. Sometimes the patient will be
exasperated, saying that he cannot urinate lying down. Do not be in a hurry to
get him up. If he really cannot urinate lying down, then sit him up carefully
on the side of the bed. But the rule is, do not let him get up.
The
Excrement
Care
about this is the most demanding part of nursing someone with Typhoid Fever. In
the excrement are the germs of this disease. Therefore do not just throw it
onto the marae, or the garden, or the paddocks, or into a stream. Some bury the
excrement. This is wrong. These germs survive for a long time if they are
buried – up to nine months. If the soiled is turned up by the plough the germs
may still be alive. Some may seep into the drinking water of the family or the
pa. If the water is drunk then some may discover the disease developing inside
them. Therefore do not bury it. The right procedure is to boil it in a kerosene
tin for half an hour. Afterwards it can be emptied out wherever you wish; all
the germs will have been killed by the boiling water. Have a separate latrine
for the excrement. Pour Jeye’s Fluid or Lysol or Kerol into the latrine and
cover it lest the flies get in. The hands of the carers are to be washed in
disinfectant in a separate basin every time they have touched the patient. Boil
all the sheets and clothes of the patient.
Washing
the Patient
Wash
the patient in the morning and evening. Arrange times. This is a task for a
skilled person. If there is a Government Nurse nearby she can wash the patient
or
[952]
teach
the carer how to do it. The patient should not be got up but should be left
lying down. Set apart a washbasin for the patient and a piece of flannel for
washing the body. Place a towel under the patient. You will need a dry towel
for drying the body.. Put warm water in the basin. Soap the flannel and wash
the body, then turn it over. Afterwards dry it with the dry towel. Take care
that the water does not get onto the pyjamas or the bedding. When the skin is
dry rub the skin with methylated spirits. After this rub the skin with borasic
powder. The purpose of this is to harden the skin so that it does not flake
off. If the skin of the patient does rub
off it means that there is a serious problem. One can buy the above things in
all the country’s shops. Brush the teeth and wash the mouth and tongue morning
and evening. Buy a brush for the teeth. Cotton wool is good to use for washing
the tongue and the gums as it is soft.
Feeding
the Patient
We
have described above the state of the intrestines. Because this is so it is not
right to feed the patient with solid foods. Therefore the experience of the
past twenty years has taught me that water is the best food. The patient is
lying down for long time. We must
maintain his strength with the appropriate kinds of food and not solid foods.
The right foods are those that do not form much excrement. Those foods are tea,
coffee, cocoa, soup, chicken stock, puha water, rice water and milk. If the
patient doesn’t want milk, there is no rule about this. It is not the most necessary food. Give him
some milk in his tea, coffee or cocoa. If he is given milk, mix it with barley
water or lime juice. If solid milk appears in the faeces, stop giving this
food. If the patient has diarrhoea then stop giving him milk. A good process
that the nurses know about is called ‘pasteurisation’ of the milk. Lemon juice
is a good drink. The patient should drink liquid at least once every two hours.
Give the drink in the ‘Feeding Cup.’ The shop will have this. Although the
patient may be becoming thin and he could die of f starvation, these drinks
will keep up his spirits until his temperature goes down. Secretly eating solid
foods could kill him. Three days after the temperature has gone down one may try feeding him with arrowroot boiled
in milk. Some three days after this he may have bread softened in warm milk.
The bread should be well mashed. Soon after this he may have a boiled egg; it
should not be hard-boiled. After this he may have jelly. These foods are
sufficient during the first fourteen days after the temperature has gone down,
that is,
[953]
egg,
boiled rice, bread and milk, and jelly. After the temperature has been down for
fourteen days the patient may try minced meat and potatoes. Don’t turn feeding
solid food into a battle. Go slowly and
take care with feeding.
(To
be concluded.)
WISE
WORDS
From
Judge James Wilson.
R[eweti]
T K[ohere]
(The
first part of this article appeared in the February edition. This is the
conclusion.)
Judge
James Wilson contends in his book that we Maori are a people who do not give
praise; we do not know about praise; so se do not have a word for praise. [Whakawhetai,
express thanks, is a word introduced from Tahiti. - Williams]
Let
me set down here some words most people are familiar with, a speech found in
Shakespeare which supports Mr Wilson.
Heigh-ho! Sing heigh-ho, unto the
green holly,
Most friendship is feigning, most
loving mere folly.
Then, heigh-ho, the holly!
This life is most jolly.
Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky,
That dost not bite so nigh
As benefits forgot;
Though thou the waters warp,
Thy sting is not so sharp
As friend rememb’red not.
Heigh-ho sing, etc.
So we have a word of Shakespeare for this
edition. He has much to say about ingratitude, about the absence of a praising
heart, as if he himself had been badly bitten by the lacerating teeth of
ingratitude.
In the days of the Hauhau wars in 1865 an
eminent chief supported the Government side. The Hauhau were defeated. The
Hauhau would have been destroyed by a loyal chief were it not for that chief.
This is what he said to the Hauhau: ‘Let each hapu return to light, each one,
their own fires.’ Although these people were Hauhau not one acre of their land
was confiscated by the Government, as was the land of other Hauhau tribes. The
Government tried
[954]
to take the land but that chief prevented
them from doing so. The Government wanted to give a large sum of money to that
chief for the expenses he incurred during the war, but he said, ‘This was my
fight, a Maori fight; it was not for you Pakeha. Take away your money.’ Nor did
that elder stand before the Maori Land Court.
There was no love like his, but it was not
remembered. Not a single acre of the land he liberated was allocated to him. So
be it, the bereft descendants of that elder were distressed by the rulings of
the Maori Land Court. The lands for which their ancestor had strived was taken,
along with three burial grounds and the bones of their ancestors and parents.
Freeze,
freeze, thou bitter sky,
That
dost not bite so nigh
As
benefits forgot;
Though
thou the waters warp
Thy
sting is not so sharp
As
friend rememb’red not.
Explanatory Notes.
(3)
If a
man blows he blows out his cheeks so that eventually they will burst, Similarly
King Lear calls upon the wind to blow so hard that his cheeks will burst.
(4)
The
roosters are not real roosters but wooden ones such as are put on the steeples
of churches. Because of the wild storm, King Lear calls again for the floods to
cover the land, the land that had dealt so badly with him.
Read
carefully these wonderful words of Shakespeare and treasure them. These words
are learned by wise people of every nation in the world.
TUHITIO
TAREHA
On
Tuesday, 26th February, Tuhitio, the wife of Te Roera Tareha, died
at Waiohiki. She was a direct decendant of Te Hauwaho who was famous for seizing
his axe at Te Ramaapakura and Pareihe.
She
leaves Tuiri, her [?tima sic
?sister] and grandchildren. We send to Te Roera and to them our greetings and
commiserations.
On
Thursday, 28th, Ripeka, wife of Te Keepa Winiata, died at Ngatarawa
Farewell,
Kui, as the two of you depart from the world of light and life.
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